@article{10.1063/5.0307152,
    author = {Chen, Xinxian and Franco, Ignacio},
    title = {Comparison between explicit and implicit discretization strategies for a dissipative thermal environment},
    journal = {The Journal of Chemical Physics},
    volume = {164},
    number = {2},
    pages = {024112},
    year = {2026},
    month = {01},
    abstract = {We investigate strategies for simulating open quantum systems coupled to dissipative baths by comparing explicit wave function-based discretization [via multi-layer multi-configuration time-dependent Hartree (ML-MCTDH)] and the implicit density matrix-based master equation method [via tree tensor network hierarchical equations of motion (TTN-HEOM)]. For dissipative baths characterized by exponentially decaying bath correlation functions, the implicit discretization approach of HEOM—rooted in bath correlation function decompositions—proves significantly more efficient than explicit discretization of the bath into discrete harmonic modes. Explicit methods, like ML-MCTDH, require extensive mode discretization to approximate continuum baths, leading to computational bottlenecks. Case studies for two-level systems and a Fenna–Matthews–Olson complex model highlight TTN-HEOM’s superiority in capturing dissipative dynamics with relaxations with a minimal number of auxiliary modes, while the explicit methods are as exact as the HEOM in pure dephasing regimes. This comparison is enabled by the TENSO package, which has both ML-MCTDH and TTN-HEOM implemented using the same computational structure and propagation strategy.},
    issn = {0021-9606},
    doi = {10.1063/5.0307152},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0307152},
    eprint = {https://pubs.aip.org/aip/jcp/article-pdf/doi/10.1063/5.0307152/20868843/024112_1_5.0307152.pdf},
}